Considering the problems and diseases caused by the pollution, due to industrial centers in cities, the government must consider solutions, such as imposing a tax on pollutants. Green tax is considered one of the most effective tools of financial policies through which the local policymakers can direct the economic and social activities to sustainable development. A green tax rate is an environmental fee charged to companies for emitting pollution. This type of tax has an obvious role in controlling Polluting industries and thus determining their environmental performance in the city. However, in the polluted cities of the country, the city administration does not pay much attention to this tax. On the other hand, economic institutionalists have emphasized the relationship between the growth of economic activities and the type of political and economic institutions. Therefore, in this article by game theory approach, the different motivations of local policymakers in determining the green tax are investigated. The green tax rate is considered as a policy tool, and the reaction of Polluting industries in choosing the level of investment will also indicate the amount of pollution created. Based on the results, the policymakers take a dual approach to the private and public Polluting industries. Assuming the independence of the Polluting industries from the government, the policymakers with the motivation of maximizing income, seek to determine the optimal green tax rate. But assuming that the Polluting industries have economic benefits for the government, they tend to set the green tax rate lower than the optimal value. Such a rate increases the investment level of Polluting industries and the resulting pollution for neighboring cities.JEL classification: P48. C73. H21. O43.

Since some decades ago, capital flows has been increased from developed countries to developing countries. Some economists believe that the less stringent environmental regulations in developing countries than those in developed countries have played the main role in the capital flows of the world. Based on this attitude, which calls pollution haven hypothesis (PHH), developing countries are the favorite place to hold pollution industries. Therefore, in this paper, the PHH is evaluated for Iran by employing the trade pattern and net export trend between Iran and OECD countries for Polluting and clean products from 1999 to 2003. The result indicates that the PHH is rejected in Iran.

In the course of the industrialization of Tehran, there has been no assessment as to the effect of development (regarding the location of the industries) on the environment to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, these industries are located in residential areas and cause troubles such as traffic and environmental pollution. Besides, the shortage of contamination controlling systems have made residential areas unsuitable places to live in. Moreover, not having enough spaces, theses industries face lots of problems for their future growth. To solve the problem, the government ratified the transfer of Polluting industries from Tehran to suitable zones confirmed by the Environment Protection Organization. Thirty-three Polluting industries-such as electroplating workshops – were identified and transferred to Kharazmy Industrial Complex. Now, the main question is whether the transfer of these industries has had any effect on the quality of life in residential areas and if the answer is positive, to what extent people’s lives have improved.In this study, it has been tried to investigate the industrial complexes and estimate the cost of damages to the environment and to the people. So, municipal district number 12 has been chosen. The tendency of the affected society to move to the new zones is studied and the amount of damages to the environment is estimated through theoretical and practical ways, interview with environmentalists, searching the Internet, and observation.

Fenton process, as one of the most conventional advanced oxidation processes, is widely used in the treatment of specific wastewaters, especially landfill leachate. In current study, the main target was to evaluate some neglected aspects of Fenton process in operational applications. Thus, three novel responses were introduced. Mass removal efficiency evaluates overall recalcitrant destruction by establishing organics mass balance pre- and post-Fenton treatment. This differentiates it from conventional chemical oxygen demand removal, since mass removal efficiency basically considers the whole mixture and not only the supernatant. The mass content ratio response provides a measure to evaluate the remaining organics in the sludge. Therefore, a borderline mode considering these limitations leads to best feasible field operations. It was found that mass content ratio for effluent reacted conversely to the sludge in response to coagulation. By increasing the coagulant dosage, coagulation improved and the sludge ratio increased in result. For the mass removal efficiency response, it seemed that appropriate balance of the oxidation/coagulation had considerable role through Fe2+ dosage and [H2O2] / [Fe2+] ratio. Finally, by including further conventional parameters such as sludge quantity, the best operational conditions (X1=5.7, X2=16, X3=207 mM) were optimized by response surface methodology to 27.4% and 14.4% for sludge and effluent mass content ratio, respectively, and 58.1% for mass removal efficiency. The results were in good agreement with determination coefficient (R2) of 0.94–0.97, prediction R2 of 0.80–0.93 and coefficient of variation less than 10.

Purpose: This research aims to identify and analyze the cause-and-effect relationships of the challenges of implementing sustainable supply chain management in the Polluting industries of Iran, particularly in the Yazd Glass Manufacturing Complex. Design/methodology/approach: In terms of results, this research is typically an applied-developmental research. In the first step of the research, the challenges of implementing sustainable supply chain management have been identified and categorized with a systematic approach and by reviewing the published literature and articles using the Meta-Synthesis method. In the second step, the researchers identified the cause-and-effect relationships between the dimensions and challenges through the Fuzzy DEMATEL Method and asked the opinions of eight experts working in Ardakan glass factories in Yazd. The statistical population in the first step of the research included all the studies published in domestic and foreign reliable scientific databases related to the challenges affecting the implementation of sustainable supply chain management. In the second step, the statistical population included all professors and managers in the field of sustainability who were familiar with supply chain management in Ardakan glass factories in Yazd. Findings: The results of the Meta-Synthesis method indicated 32 challenges in seven dimensions of technical, process, organisational management, human-social, institutional, supplier and economic for the implementation of sustainable supply chain management. The results of the Fuzzy DEMATEL method indicated that economic challenges were the most effective and technical challenges in the implementation of sustainable supply chain management. Research limitations/implications: The studied case was one of the glass manufacturing complexes, which can limit the generalizability of the results. Considering that the current research sought to examine the relationships between challenges; therefore, not using methods of weighting and prioritizing challenges is another limitation of this research. To solve such limitations, future researchers are suggested to conduct research in this field and other industries so that better and more appropriate results can be extracted and finally, a more comprehensive model can be designed, since different industries have different characteristics and challenges. It is also suggested to name and categorize the dimensions using survey and quantitative methods such as cluster analysis; and to determine the relationships between the challenges using existing techniques in this field such as structural-interpretive modelling, network analysis process, cognitive map, etc. in different fuzzy theory (type 2, hesitant, neutrosophic, etc.), Z numbers, G and R, and the importance of challenges using techniques such as hierarchical analysis process, entropy, best and worst fuzzy, etc. Practical implications: One of the most important ways to control the emission of pollutants and the increase of waste in different stages of glass production is to move towards sustainable supply chain management. Increasing the awareness of managers and economic operators about the challenges of implementing sustainable supply chain management can help them formulate strategies suitable to help reduce and solve these challenges. To compete in a world-class business, the glass industry must pay sufficient attention to all the identified challenges by focusing on the most important challenges. The use of specific guidelines and a checklist of effective challenges during decision-making can make decision-making easier and the power of decision-making more effective. Were identified, guidelines and checklists should be prepared and provided to the executive managers. Social implications: Identifying the challenges affecting the implementation of sustainable supply chain management is one of the most important factors in implementing and improving the best sustainable supply chain performance. Until the challenges are identified, it is not possible to understand which ones are more important. After the completion of this identification, industry policymakers and practitioners can implement appropriate strategies to reduce and solve such challenges and by implementing this type of supply chain, take steps towards the optimal use of natural and non-renewable resources and pollution reduction. Originality/value: The main contribution of this study was the identification of the challenges of implementing sustainable supply chain management with a comprehensive and scientific approach (Meta-Synthesis) and analyzing the relationships between such challenges using the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. What distinguished this study from other studies is the combination of the challenges of implementing sustainable supply chain management as well as the network approach and examining the relationships and interactions between such challenges in the Ardakan glass factories in Yazd.

The present study was conducted with the aim of pathology of law enforcement in Polluting vehicles in Tehran. Research Method The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of heuristic mixed method, first qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population in the qualitative section included experts in the field of traffic and air pollution, who were selected through purposive sampling and 10 people were selected. Also in the quantitative part, including the views of 70 heads and deputies of the Greater Tehran Road who were selected in full and 80 people who referred to the East Tehran Technical Examination Center by simple random sampling using Morgan table 101 were selected, data in the qualitative part were extracted through semi-structured interviews and their analysis was performed by Maxqda software. In the short part, after converting the injuries into items taken from the interview stage using descriptive-survey method and software spss The model derived from the first phase of the research was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis methods. Results In the qualitative part, the initial research model and in the quantitative stage, the final research model were identified and all the dimensions of the extractive foundation data model were explained. Conclusion The results of this study show that the most important injuries in the three branches of behavioral, contextual and structural injuries in 9 components including: managers, organizational climate, lawlessness, motivation and education, political-legal, cultural-social, economic-legal, Financial resources and infrastructure were classified.

IFurnace is the main consumer of energy in petrochemical and refinery processes. Its main use is in heat cracking and preheats process fluid. The increasing oil prices in the late 20th century led to the emergence of energy optimization methods. In this paper, the effect of different optimization methods on the important environmental factor in furnaces, i. e., Polluting gases caused by the combustion reaction, is studied.The main pollution factor in furnaces which burn sulfur-free gases is the reaction of matters and the production of Nox. After studying the analyses obtained from a sample furnace, certain methods were proposed for the optimization of energy and the reduction of environmental pollutants.The results show that to optimize a furnace without using a NOx-reducing device the two methods of reducing the extra air and pre-heating the air, the extra air is reduced by 33% and 43%, respectively.

Background and Objective: One of the most important problems of human societies is greenhouse gas emissions which are increasing along with population and economic growths and development of countries. Environmental pollution damages people’ s health and imposes costs on societies. Taxes are considered as pollution control and environmental protection tools which can influence people's incentives for the consumption of environment Polluting goods and can control the pollution. Method: The effect of tax pollution on households' demand for three environment Polluting goods, including vehicles fuel, electricity and water commodity, was studied by estimating the Linear Expenditure System (LES). For this purpose, first the parameters of marginal propensity of expenses and households’ minimum income for living were obtained. Then, the linear expenditure system was estimated. Findings: The results from estimating the model show that i) the tax elasticity of demand for vehicles fuel, electricity and water are-0. 364,-0. 326 and-0. 233, respectively, and pollution tax on fuel, electricity and water reduces the demand for these commodities and thereby reduces the environmental pollution; and ii) the effect of tax pollution on reducing vehicles fuel consumption is stronger than that of tax on reducing consumption of other goods. Discussion and Conclusion: The significant effect of tax on reducing pollution highlights the importance of using tax instruments for reducing pollution. This finding can be considered in the policy making system for future planning in the country.